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In a word, man’s essential characteristics are fundamental nature that human being has and that enables him to lead a life worthy of a human being.
Man’s essential characteristics are used to highlight that they are the peculiar ones distinguished from those of other natural beings. The essential characteristics are as same as essential attributes.
In general, nature implies basic character of a person or a thing. Nature has two meanings: one of them is inborn or by oneself and the other of them is basic quality or feature of a thing.
Man’s nature, that is as same as man’s essential characteristics or attributes, has the second meaning.